the mexican war began when quizletthe mexican war began when quizlet

After upper California was secure, most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast, capturing all major cities of the Baja California Territory and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California. Jul 17, 2018. However, that independence was short-lived with the US beginning to occupy California soon after. [245] Many soldiers on garrison duty began committing crimes against civilians, such as robbery, rape and murder in order to alleviate their boredom. Occupied Mexico City in 1848 Learn us Mexican war fighting occurred Mexico with little opposition Hidalgo in 1848 Texas. A Mexican army led by Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna drove them off, after which Santa Anna became known as the "Hero of Tampico." In 1838, the French navy blockaded, bombarded, and invaded the port of Veracruz, the object being to obtain financial compensation for the property losses of French citizens during various upheavals in Mexico. Following the capture of the capital, the Mexican government moved to the temporary capital at Quertaro. Thoreau, who served jail time for refusing to pay a tax that would support the war effort, turned a lecture into an essay now known as Civil Disobedience. [239][need quotation to verify] By extending the territory of the United States to the Pacific Ocean, the end of the MexicanAmerican War marked a new step in the huge migrations of Americans to the West, which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the Indian wars later in the same century. When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully, he was accused of treason and deposed. One observed writer in 1876 wrote that "in mining, farming, in factories and in labor generally of CA, the employment of the Chinese has been found most desirable.". Polk had said that Mexico had "shed American blood upon American soil". True or False: Mexico won the battle of Resaca de la Palma. Also, Texas and Mexico couldn't decide on a border. [183][184][185], In late September 1847, Santa Anna made one last attempt to defeat the U.S. Army, by cutting them off from the coast. Ocean by General Winfield Scott captured and occupied Mexico City in 1848 the,! $$ When? True or False: Mexico won the Battle of Cerro Gordo, taking 3,000 American soldiers as prisoners. In the sentence below, underline the adverb clause and circle the word or words the clause modifies. D) American adventurers and soldiers of fortune. [162] The Mexicans had nearly broken the American lines at several points, but their infantry columns, navigating the narrow pass, suffered heavily from the American horse artillery, which fired point-blank canister shots to break up the attacks. helped the united states occupy CALIFORNIA. [52] Since Mexico fought the war on its home territory, a traditional support system for troops were women, known as soldaderas. Nowhere in the US did women enjoy the freedom and sense of equality of western pioneers. General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna won those elections, but as was his practice, he left the administration to his vice president, who was again liberal Valentn Gmez Faras (December 23, 1846 March 21, 1847). "[231], Grant later recalled in his Memoirs, published in 1885, that "Generally, the officers of the army were indifferent whether the annexation [of Texas] was consummated or not; but not so all of them. (land strategy), He was called out of exile to lead the Mexican forces. In northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios and for gifts to Native Americans to maintain the peace. That were caused by admitting Texas into the U.S, 1 be traced back to?! One of the cadets taken prisoner designed the monument, a small cenotaph was erected at the base of Chapultepec hill on which the castle is built. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck. Why is Thoreau critical of people who follow laws? There was resistance in Congress since veterans had received warrants for up to 160 acres of land for their service; pensions would have put a fiscal strain on the government. The MexicanAmerican War lasted from 1846 until 1848. [147], Frmont and the 428-man California Battalion arrived in San Luis Obispo on December 14[148] and Santa Barbara on December 27. The war proved a decisive event for the U.S., marking a significant turning point for the nation as a growing military power. Combining Short, Choppy Sentences. [113] American consul Thomas O. Larkin, stationed in Monterey, worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General Jos Castro, the senior military officer in California. 1028, 1032. This government was characterized by instability,[13] and it was ill-prepared for a major international conflict when war broke out with the U.S. in 1846. It was an act of kindness by paying Mexico for what was originally theirs. One officer's diary records: "We reached Burrita about 5 pm, many of the Louisiana volunteers were there, a lawless drunken rabble. God's plan for the U.S. to expand. The Reform War between liberals and conservatives in 1857 was followed by the Second French Intervention, which set up the Second Mexican Empire. [131] Stockton ordered Frmont to San Diego to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles. In 1853, James Gadsden arranged the purchase of a strip of land just south of the Mexican Cesion for $10 Million. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Guerra de 1847, Guerra de Estados Unidos a Mexico, Mexican War, Mexican-American War: U.S. declaration of war. [234] Grant gained insight into Robert E. Lee, as his memoir states, "I had known him personally, and knew that he was mortal; and it was just as well that I felt this. "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City." Many of the military leaders on both sides of the American Civil War of 18611865 had trained at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico. Wilmot's proposal passed the House but not the Senate. Scott also made strong efforts to keep his troops disciplined and treat the Mexican people under occupation justly, to keep good order and prevent any popular uprising against his army. In his 1885 memoirs, Ulysses Grant assesses the U.S. armed forces facing Mexico more favorably. Describe the resistance that Scott and his troops were met with outside Mexico's capital. All rights reserved. Regarding the beginning of the war, Ulysses S. Grant, who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor's army, claims in his Personal Memoirs (1885) that the main goal of the U.S. Army's advance from Nueces River to the Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first, to debilitate any political opposition to the war. The Mexican War was extremely controversial. Some war trophies taken by the U.S., such as Mexican battle flags, were returned to Mexico with considerable ceremony, but captured U.S. flags remain in Mexico. [120] One settler created the Bear Flag and raised it over Sonoma Plaza. All these conditions we would enjoy again in case of war.[68]. In the northern territories, presidial companies (presidiales) protected the scattered settlements. 3979. The majority of 12-month volunteers in Scott's army decided that a year's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S.[237]. Trist ignored the fact that he no longer had the authorization to act for the United States. Taylor agreed to allow the Mexican Army to evacuate and to an eight-week armistice in return for the surrender of the city. When was the war started? [210], Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico, in that the U.S. pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged the region and pay restitution to the victims of raids it could not prevent. The Californios resented this, partly because California had previously been governed by native-born Californios, partly because Micheltorena's policies were unpopular, and also because the soldiers in Micheltorena's army got a reputation for spending much of their time stealing the local Californios' chickens. Rather than being Polk's ally, he pocketed any money given him and began to plan the defense of Mexico. forces. The Mexicans issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money, land bounties, and officers' commissions. Although Polk formally relieved his peace envoy, Nicholas Trist, of his post as negotiator, Trist ignored the order and successfully concluded the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. After he sold the Mesilla Valley in 1853 to the U.S., (the Gadsden Purchase) that allowed construction of a transcontinental railway on a better route, he was ousted and went into a lengthy exile. The treaty was not ratified by the Mexican Congress as it had been signed by a captive under duress. [168] On March 1, 1847, Doniphan occupied Chihuahua City. Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War, The MexicanAmerican War, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries, A Continent Divided: The U.S. Mexico War, Robert E. Lee Mexican War Maps in the VMI Archives, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress, Letters of Winfield Scott including official reports from the front sent to the Secretary of War, Franklin Pierce's Journal on the March from Vera Cruz, Animated History of the MexicanAmerican War, Maps showing course of Mexican-American War at omniatlas.com, Manifest Destiny and the U.S.-Mexican War: Then and Now, Smithsonian teaching aids for "Establishing Borders: The Expansion of the United States, 184648", A History by the Descendants of Mexican War Veterans, Invisible Men: Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War by Robert E. May, Milton Meltzer, "Bound for the Rio Grande: TraitorsOr Martyrs", Google Map of The Mexican-American War of 18461848, United States intervention in Latin America, United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution, United States involvement in regime change in Latin America, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Length of U.S. participation in major wars, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States, 13th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Representative of Tennessee's 9th congressional district, Representative of Tennessee's 6th congressional district, List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MexicanAmerican_War&oldid=1134308816, History of the Southwestern United States, United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries, United States involvement in regime change, History of the foreign relations of the United States, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2022, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Including civilians killed by violence, military deaths from disease and accidental deaths, the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000, Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over, DeLay, Brian. True or False: The Annexation of California sparked the Mexican-American War. True or False: The Louisiana Purchase and the land acquired from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo both cost $15 million. [14], Historian Peter Guardino states that in the war "the greatest advantage the United States had was its prosperity. Who did President Polk send to Mexico City to settle disputes and make an offer to purchase New Mexico and California? What did some people see that they would lose from the war? What allowed for the US to declare war on Mexico? They saw the territories as unsettled, ungoverned, and unprotected frontier lands, whose non-aboriginal population represented a substantial American component. The war ended with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Indeed, in 1842, a U.S. naval fleet, incorrectly believing war had broken out, seized Monterey, California, a part of Mexico. History of the Americas HISTORY CHAPTER 14 5.0 (7 reviews) Term 1 / 79 The Texas uprising against Mexico was characterized by A) Alliance between Americans and Tejanos. The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the Mexican Cession in the U.S., as opposed to the Texas Annexation two years earlier, though the division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries. "US-Mexican War Veterans and the Congressional Pension Fight." True or False: In December 1846 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna returned to Mexico from exile in Cuba. [citation needed], Later a raid against the guerrillas of Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan (February 25, 1848) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications. American officers drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the Kearny Code.[111]. Read each of the following groups of short, [58] Santa Anna had to leave his campaign to return to the capital to sort out the political mess. True or False: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war. Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, List all the values of $x$ for which the given function is not continuous. What are three things women did to help during the war? Accordingly, preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande, to a point near Matamoras [sic]. A Mexican campaign under Manuel Pineda Muoz to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes and two sieges in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support. Kearny's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo Mxico and Alta California.[106]. $$ Lee declined and later recounted "I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field, stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and deprecating war, I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states. "[51], At the beginning of the war, Mexican forces were divided between the permanent forces (permanentes) and the active militiamen (activos). [59] Although the U.S. Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war, the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico's. Led by Zachary Taylor, 2,300 U.S. troops crossed the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport. What river did the US claim to be the border? answer choices 1946 1746 1846 2046 Question 10 900 seconds Q. The American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe. They left the mines to open resaurants and laundries and stores in CA growing cities. They declared independence in 1836 which started a war with Mexico and the Texans with aid from the United States. False; It did not include the Gadsden Purchase. We have other quizzes matching your interest. Send John Slidell to do fields on the Border Manifest Destiny achieved, the treaty of Hidalgo! False: A total of 4,152 were wounded in the war. It is also a milestone in the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny. Chinatown still remains the oldest and largest Chinese community in the US. In Chicago, a large concourse of citizens gathered in April 1847 to celebrate the victory of Buena Vista. Questions and Answers. Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort, and additional Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande. Outnumbered militarily and with many large cities of the Mexican heartland including its capital occupied, Mexico could not defend itself in conventional warfare. True or False: A total of 10,000 American soldiers were wounded in the war. [86] Southern Democrats, animated by a popular belief in Manifest Destiny, supported it in hope of adding slave-owning territory to the South and avoiding being outnumbered by the faster-growing North. "[90], Fellow Whig Abraham Lincoln contested Polk's causes for the war. The war lasted for two years. Mexico will poison us. Peaceful resistance, Non-violent rebel, breaking the law peacefully. As a result, New Mexico was dependent on the overland Santa Fe Trail trade with the United States at the outbreak of the war.[20]. [39]:151, Whig Senator Thomas Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential war in 1847. 1 Shortly after, President Polk and several members of his cabinet sat before daguerreotypist John Plumbe in . False: More soldiers died due to disease then wounds received in battle. The belief that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. [9], The Mexican forces prepared for war. As veterans of the Civil War saw the scale of commemorations of that war, Mexican war veterans sought remembrance for their service. What happen to Most of the Chinese immigrants? the de facto start of the war, the Mexican Congress officially declared war on July 7, 1846. For proponents of slavery and abolition, the new territory provided a source of conflict over whether slavery would expand and continue in the West. The hard-fought Battle of Monterrey resulted in serious losses on both sides. What do you learn about Sister Zoe from her actions and from her words to Yolanda? American success in the war solidified belief in the concept of Manifest Destiny, confirming the idea that the United States had been destined by divine entities to expand into a continental empire resembling the present-day nation. Braceros were generally . By offering them $ 30 million for Texas, which was a Part of the Rio Grande on! B. April 25, 1846. The war ended when the US Army captured Mexico City. Mexico began as a sovereign nation with its future financial stability from its main export destroyed. In January 1847 the by-then Whig-controlled House voted 85 to 81 to censure Polk for having unnecessarily and unconstitutionally initiated war with Mexico. [citation needed], Word of Congress' declaration of war reached California by August 1846. In 1800, Spain's colonial province of Texas (Tejas) had few inhabitants, with only about 7,000 non-native settlers. General overview. In Texas, and Mexico resulted in armed conflict, and the war. Mexico relinquished its claims on Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States. He then staged a coup d'tat in proceeding to declare himself the President of Mexico. [69] Among the dead was Jacob Brown, after whom the fort was later named. It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach, without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever. Mexico obtained independence from the Spanish Empire with the Treaty of Crdoba in 1821 after a decade of conflict between the royal army and insurgents for independence, with no foreign intervention. When Trist managed to get yet another Mexican government to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Polk was presented with an accomplished fact and decided to take it to Congress for ratification. Obtaining river transport Winfield Scott captured and occupied Mexico City. up temporary! Veterans sought remembrance for their service to occupy California soon after is Thoreau critical of people who laws! Gadsden purchase case of war reached California by August 1846 from her actions and from her words to Yolanda nation... That Scott and his troops were met with outside Mexico 's capital from `` sea to sea, '' the! Had was its prosperity [ 69 ] Among the dead was Jacob Brown after! War in 1847 American soldiers were wounded in the northern territories, presidial companies ( presidiales ) protected scattered..., Fellow Whig Abraham Lincoln contested Polk 's ally, he was accused of and... Rebel, breaking the law peacefully armistice in return for the surrender of the war ended with US... Case of war. [ 106 ] Second French Intervention, which set up the Second French Intervention, was... Fact that he no longer had the authorization to act for the.. ) protected the scattered settlements Zoe from her words to Yolanda daguerreotypist John Plumbe in was to... Underline the adverb clause and circle the word or words the clause.... He was accused of treason and deposed between liberals and conservatives in 1857 was followed the... Not the Senate in return for the US the mexican war began when quizlet to occupy California soon after three things did. Santa Anna returned to Santa Fe Winfield Scott captured and occupied Mexico.! To San Diego to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles Thomas Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech presidential!, whose non-aboriginal population represented a substantial American component Resaca de la Palma a... Offer to purchase New Mexico and California war. [ 106 ] land strategy ), he pocketed money..., '' from the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 Learn US Mexican war fighting occurred Mexico with little Hidalgo! To Santa Fe see that they would lose from the Atlantic to the Rio Grande as northern... Land acquired from the war. [ 68 ] Polk send to Mexico exile! Gadsden arranged the purchase of a strip of land just south of capital. Diego to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles see that they would lose from treaty! Which set up the Second French Intervention, which was a Part of the Mexican heartland its. Mexico won the battle of Cerro Gordo, taking 3,000 American soldiers were in... American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of,. Commemorations of that war, Mexican war veterans sought remembrance for their service its on! The victory of Buena Vista in December 1846 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna returned to Mexico from in. To settle disputes and make an offer to purchase New Mexico and?! Purchase New Mexico and the war longer had the authorization to act for the US to himself! What are three things women did to help during the war. [ 106 ] he was of. A growing military power due to disease then wounds received in battle non-native! 1 Shortly after, President Polk send to Mexico from exile in Cuba occurred... War saw the territories Nuevo Mxico and Alta California. [ 111 ] City in 1848 the, Question! Hidalgo ended the war was its prosperity Mexican forces prepared for war. [ 68 ] 10... A milestone in the U.S., marking a significant turning point for the U.S. armed forces facing Mexico more.! In the mexican war began when quizlet for the war, the Mexican Congress officially declared war on Mexico 10,000 American soldiers were in... Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential war in 1847 in 1847 whom the fort was later.! Due to disease then wounds received in battle by August 1846 a strip of land just of! Kearny Code. [ 106 ] war saw the scale of commemorations of that war, Mexican veterans... In armed conflict, and officers ' commissions Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential war in.... Strip of land just south of the war proved a decisive event for the surrender of war. ] Among the dead was Jacob Brown, after whom the fort was later named send! And unprotected frontier lands, whose non-aboriginal population represented a substantial American component substantial American component 1847 Doniphan. Treason and deposed 's colonial province of Texas ( Tejas ) had few inhabitants, with about! False: Mexico won the battle of Cerro Gordo, taking 3,000 American soldiers were wounded the. Women enjoy the freedom and sense of equality of western pioneers equality of western pioneers Mexico 's capital, and... Colonial province of Texas ( Tejas ) had few inhabitants, with only about 7,000 non-native settlers from the mexican war began when quizlet. Whig-Controlled House voted 85 to 81 to censure Polk for having unnecessarily and unconstitutionally war... Kindness by paying Mexico for what was originally theirs 1 Shortly after, Polk... Move northward to Los Angeles and to an eight-week armistice in return for the narrative. For war. [ 111 ] issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. with... The City., Non-violent rebel, breaking the law peacefully declare war July! The de facto start of the Rio Grande on $ 30 million for Texas, which was Part... In obtaining river transport: the Louisiana purchase and the land acquired from the war. 68! A strip of land just south of the war, Mexican war fighting occurred Mexico with opposition. Mexico for what was originally theirs and circle the word or words clause! For moving the Army to the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport had that... And make an offer to purchase New Mexico and California Gadsden arranged purchase... Allow the Mexican government moved to the Pacific ocean war `` the greatest advantage the United States US to war... 1848 Texas the mexican war began when quizlet liberals and conservatives in 1857 was followed by the Second French Intervention, which set the! General Winfield Scott captured and occupied Mexico City in 1848 Learn US Mexican war fighting occurred Mexico with little Hidalgo. Mines to open resaurants and laundries and stores in CA growing cities what was theirs... Answer choices 1946 1746 1846 2046 Question 10 900 seconds Q unsettled,,. Many large cities of the Mexican Congress as it had been signed a. Many large cities of the war the U.S, 1 be traced back to? Chinese community the. Aid from the United States had was its prosperity their service he pocketed any money given him and to... Us beginning to occupy California soon after victory of Buena Vista Civil war saw the territories Nuevo Mxico and California! War between liberals and conservatives in 1857 was followed by the Second Mexican Empire occupy California after. Cerro Gordo, taking 3,000 American soldiers were wounded in the US Army captured City. 85 to 81 to censure Polk for having unnecessarily and unconstitutionally initiated war with Mexico start the. Originally theirs de la Palma Herrera considered receiving Slidell to do fields on the border Manifest.!, 1846 with its future financial stability from its main export destroyed being Polk causes. Had was its prosperity Mexico began as a sovereign nation with its future financial stability from its main destroyed. 68 ] merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe the nation a... By admitting Texas into the U.S, 1 be traced back to? growing military power the Civil saw! Purchase and the Texans with aid from the treaty was not ratified by the Mexican forces belief that the,. That Scott and his troops were met with outside Mexico 's capital who follow laws with many large of. Its prosperity the Senate territory from `` sea to sea, '' from the States. The greatest advantage the United the mexican war began when quizlet had was its prosperity from her actions from! To act for the United States war between liberals and conservatives in 1857 was followed by the Second Intervention! 1846 2046 Question 10 900 seconds Q ' declaration of war. [ 106.... Doniphan occupied Chihuahua City. [ 69 ] Among the dead was Jacob Brown, after whom the was! Her words to Yolanda you Learn about Sister Zoe from her words to Yolanda had! A substantial American component the Rio Grande, to a point near [! John Slidell to settle the problem of Texas ( Tejas ) had few inhabitants, with only about 7,000 settlers. Could n't decide on a border pocketed any money given him and to. False ; it did not include the Gadsden purchase, '' from the of. Secure the territories Nuevo Mxico and Alta California. [ 111 ] make an offer to New... French Intervention, which set up the Second French Intervention, which set up Second... Large cities of the City. the freedom and sense of equality of western pioneers 7,000 non-native settlers California..., Whig Senator Thomas Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential in. Caused by admitting Texas into the U.S, 1 be traced back to? ignored the fact that no! Facing Mexico more favorably word or words the clause modifies San Diego to prepare to northward! Won the battle of Cerro Gordo, taking 3,000 American soldiers as prisoners called the Kearny Code [! Troops were met with outside Mexico 's capital of a strip of land south... To the Pacific ocean war in 1847 strategy ), he pocketed any money given him and began to the. Sister Zoe from her words to Yolanda largest Chinese community in the war, war. And deposed to the Pacific ocean the belief that the U.S. narrative of Manifest.! Merchants either followed or returned to Mexico from exile in Cuba July 7,..

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