native american slang wordsnative american slang words

Many surviving Native American peoples of the southeast strengthened their loose coalitions of language groups and joined confederacies such as the Choctaw, the Creek, and the Catawba for protection. indigenous applies to that which is not only native but which, as far as can be determined, has never been introduced or brought from elsewhere. The reintroduction of the horse to North America had a profound impact on Native American culture of the Great Plains. Pre-LGM migration across Beringia has also been proposed to explain purported pre-LGM ages of archaeological sites in the Americas such as Bluefish Caves[36][37] in the Yukon Territory, and Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in Pennsylvania. Native Americans have entered academia; journalism and media; politics at local, state and federal levels; and public service, for instance, influencing medical research and policy to identify issues related to American Indians. One example of this is the Cherokee Freedmen. Self-identification dates from the census of 1960; prior to that the race of the respondent was determined by the opinion of the census taker. Legacy software not supported. [74], From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans sharply declined. Our literature, our films, our drama, our folklore all exalt it. (in particular) A person of aboriginal descent, as distinguished from a person who was or whose ancestors were foreigners or settlers/colonizers. In 1919, the United States under President Woodrow Wilson granted citizenship to all Native Americans who had served in World War I. Matrilineal structures enable young women to have assistance in childbirth and rearing and protect them in case of conflicts between the couple. The northwest culture area, for example, shared common traits such as salmon fishing, woodworking, and large villages or towns and a hierarchical social structure. I actually prefer its results over alum Holly Shop Deodorant Great Body Wash "I have a dirty job. [157], 78% of Native Americans live outside a reservation. P. Podunk; R. Rez car; W. Wasi'chu Urban areas with significant Native American populations include Minneapolis, Denver, Phoenix, Tucson, Chicago, Oklahoma City, Houston, New York City, and Los Angeles. macrocarpus), goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri), and marsh elder (Iva annua var. 1, Often used to describe the march of time, what does. ", "Measure to Protect Women Stuck on Tribal Land Issue", "Number of U.S. By the 1970s some Native American film roles began to show more complexity, such as those in Little Big Man (1970), Billy Jack (1971), and The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), which depicted Native Americans in minor supporting roles. Accessed 18 Jan. 2023. [225], MLB's Cleveland Guardians were formerly known as the Cleveland Indians. King Philip's War, also called Metacom's War or Metacom's Rebellion, was the last major armed[106] conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675 to 1676. As William M. Denevan, a noted author and Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, in "The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492": "The decline of native American populations was rapid and severe, probably the greatest demographic disaster ever. Add native to one of your lists below, or create a new one. When each letter can be seen but not heard. [393] Requirements for tribal membership vary widely by tribe. Hear a word and type it out. [286] Examples of historical trauma can be seen through the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890, where over 200 unarmed Lakota were killed,[287] and the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887, when American Indians lost four-fifths of their land. In later decades, Native American actors such as Jay Silverheels in The Lone Ranger television series (194957) came to prominence. An unknown before the Olympics, Mills finished second in the U.S. Olympic trials. Most spoken Chinese slang comes from different dialects. [142][143][144], Before the 1930s, schools on the reservations provided no schooling beyond the sixth grade. Examples included The Last of the Mohicans (1920), Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans (1957), and F Troop (196567). [279] Additionally, legal disputes interfered with tribal land leasing, which were settled with the verdict against tribal sovereignty. Kachina dancers wore elaborately painted and decorated masks as they ritually impersonated various ancestral spirits. Minority Owned Businesses Increasing", "Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development", "Co-director, Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development", "What Can Tribes Do? [60] The Hopewell tradition describes the common aspects of the culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period. [15][16][18][19] Because Henry F. Dobyns is by far the highest single-point estimate among professional academic researchers, it has been criticized as "politically motivated". Native American nations on the plains in the west continued armed conflicts with the U.S. throughout the 19th century, through what were called generally Indian Wars. [182], As of 2012, 70% of Native Americans live in urban areas, up from 45% in 1970 and 8% in 1940. The game involves as few as 20 or as many as 300 players with no height or weight restrictions and no protective gear. Tensions immediately arose between two philosophies: one that the tribal colleges should have the same criteria, curriculum and procedures for educational quality as mainstream colleges, the other that the faculty and curriculum should be closely adapted to the particular historical culture of the tribe. In J. Adleman & G. M. Enguidanos (Eds. It has long been recognized that Native Americans are dying of diabetes, alcoholism, tuberculosis, suicide, and other health conditions at shocking rates. In the early years, as Native peoples encountered European explorers and settlers and engaged in trade, they exchanged food, crafts, and furs for blankets, iron and steel implements, horses, trinkets, firearms, and alcoholic beverages. [124] A justification for the policy of conquest and subjugation of the Indigenous people emanated from the stereotyped perceptions of all Native Americans as "merciless Indian savages" (as described in the United States Declaration of Independence). These tribes refuse to participate in the gambling industry. [132][133] A few Native American tribes, such as the Creek and the Choctaw, were slaveholders and found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy. These tribes possess the right to form their own governments, to enforce laws (both civil and criminal) within their lands, to tax, to establish requirements for membership, to license and regulate activities, to zone, and to exclude persons from tribal territories. While some tribes have had success with gaming, only 40% of the 562 federally recognized tribes operate casinos. This word is used to describe the USA citizens in a rude way. If a couple separates or the man dies, the woman has her family to assist her. [113][114][115] Epidemics swept through California Indian Country, such as the 1833 malaria epidemic. Native farmers practiced polycropping maize, beans, and squash; these crops are known as the Three Sisters. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' 1492 arrival on the continent, in practice the term usually includes the history of Indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades, or even centuries, after Columbus' initial landing. They were part of the Southwestern Archaic tradition centered in north-central New Mexico, the San Juan Basin, the Rio Grande Valley, southern Colorado, and southeastern Utah.[55][56][57]. They stated that 5% of African Americans have at least 12.5% Native American ancestry, or the equivalent to one great-grandparent, which may represent more than one distant ancestor. The law does not allow Native Americans to give eagle feathers to non-Native Americans. Webnative: ( n'tiv ), Adj. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! ", "Genetic Ancestral Testing Cannot Deliver On Its Promise, Study Warns", "A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups", "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q. Genebase Tutorials", "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world", "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News", "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop", "Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q", "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas", "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. [38][39], Genetic evidence has suggested at least three waves of migrants arrived from East Asia, with the first occurring at least 15,000 years ago. There are 574 federally recognized tribes living within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. The "Indian Homestead Act" of 1871 or the Dawes Act stated: Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Robert Tignor, Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Stephen Kotkin, Suzanne Marchand, Gyan Prakash, Michael Tsin, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2000, p. 274. Im a native English speaker, and there are many slang words I dont use at all. Alayna serves on multiple boards and committees and is currently the Native American Development Center Board Chair Person. At the outbreak of the war, for example, the minority party of the Cherokee gave its allegiance to the Confederacy, while originally the majority party went for the North. NATIVE ACCESS lets you download, install, activate, and update your Native Instruments software from one single intuitive application. [32] The 2021 findings of fossilized human footprints in relict lake sediments near White Sands National Park in New Mexico suggests human presence dating back to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), between 18,000 and 26,000 years ago. Some Northeastern and Southwestern cultures, in particular, were matrilineal and operated on a more collective basis than that with which Europeans were familiar. Another landownership issue on reservations is checkerboarding, where Tribal land is interspersed with land owned by the federal government on behalf of Natives, individually owned plots, and land owned by non-Native individuals. Some tribes have begun requiring genealogical DNA testing of individuals' applying for membership, but this is usually related to an individual's proving parentage or direct descent from a certified member. Since the 2000 United States Census, people may identify as being of more than one race. A variety of small and medium-sized recording companies offer an abundance of recent music by Native American performers young and old, ranging from pow-wow drum music to hard-driving rock-and-roll and rap. Iupiat, Yupiit, Unangan, and fellow Alaska Natives fished, hunted, and harvested wild plants, but did not rely on agriculture. [204] At that time the remaining Creek in Alabama were trying to completely desegregate schools in their area. The series The Lone Ranger (19491957), Cheyenne (19551963), and Law of the Plainsman (19591963) had Native characters who were essentially aides to the central white characters. The term Amerindian, a portmanteau of "American Indian", was coined in 1902 by the American Anthropological Association. Because of the challenges involved in starting a financial services business from scratch, many tribes hire outside consultants and vendors to help them launch these businesses and manage the regulatory issues involved. Up to the early to mid 18th century, the term Americans was not applied to people of European heritage in North America. [370] Among the Cherokee, records show that slaveholders in the tribe were largely the children of European men who had shown their children the economics of slavery. [347], African and Native Americans have interacted for centuries. Used to describe an organ for which a transplant or bypass has been implanted (for example, native coronary artery). [75] Most mainstream scholars believe that, among the various contributing factors,[76] epidemic disease (e.g. I went to the ______ store to buy a birthday card. It was cooked and eaten that way or baked as cornbread.[311]. It is a syncretistic church incorporating elements of Native spiritual practice from a number of different tribes as well as symbolic elements from Christianity. Future President Dwight Eisenhower injured his knee while trying to tackle the young Thorpe. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Literature is at the growing forefront of American Indian studies in many genres, with the notable exception of fictionsome traditional American Indians experience fictional narratives as insulting when they conflict with traditional oral tribal narratives. For instance, federal scholarships for Native Americans require the student both to be enrolled in a federally recognized tribe and to be of at least one-quarter Native American descent (equivalent to one grandparent), attested to by a Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) card issued by the federal government. [239] In 2009, We Shall Remain (2009), a television documentary by Ric Burns and part of the American Experience series, presented a five-episode series "from a Native American perspective". Pork bun. [364] When African men married or had children by a Native American woman, their children were born free, because the mother was free (according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which the colonists incorporated into law). Their gift-giving feast, potlatch, is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events. They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada, south along the Pacific Coast, into the interior of Canada, and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest. Using DNA sequencing, the results showed that Luzia was "entirely Amerindian", genetically.[43][44][45]. Native American religious practices, beliefs, and philosophies differ widely across tribes. 1 of 2. George Washington gave orders that made it clear he wanted the Iroquois threat eliminated: The Expedition you are appointed to command is to be directed against the hostile tribes of the Six Nations of Indians, with their associates and adherents. Hawaiian slang. Today, they include descendants of African Americans once enslaved by the Cherokees, who were granted, by federal treaty, citizenship in the historic Cherokee Nation as freedmen after the Civil War. [336], Navajo spirituality focused on the maintenance of a harmonious relationship with the spirit world, often achieved by ceremonial acts, usually incorporating sandpainting. Squaw, from the Massachuset (Algonquian) eshqua, was commonly used for a North American native woman. There are five primary Native American mtDNA haplogroups in which there are clusters of closely linked markers inherited together. For their part, Native Americans told researchers that they believed they continued to face prejudice, mistreatment, and inequality in the broader society. Performers with Native American parentage have occasionally appeared in American popular music such as Rita Coolidge, Wayne Newton, Gene Clark, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Blackfoot, and Redbone (members are also of Mexican descent). Traditional Native American music is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. At that time, Europeans had cultures that had developed concepts of individual property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. The House of Burgesses define the terms of slavery in Virginia in 1705: All servants imported and brought into the Country who were not Christians in their native Country shall be accounted and be slaves. The U.S. government encouraged Native Americans' efforts at self-government and determining their futures. [77][78][79][80][81] It is difficult to estimate the number of pre-Columbian Native Americans who were living in what is today the United States of America. The overwhelming majority of Native Americans welcomed the opportunity to serve; they had a voluntary enlistment rate that was 40% higher than those drafted.[159]. Tribes have developed organizations to administer their own social, welfare and housing programs, for instance. Paternalism is the virus and the secretary of the Interior is the carrier. [302] The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3million in opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. Thirty-two tribal colleges in the United States belong to the American Indian Higher Education Consortium. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. How to use a word that (literally) drives some pe Editor Emily Brewster clarifies the difference. The states and settlers were frequently at odds with this policy.[110]. Braveheart-Jordan, M., & DeBruyn, L. (1995). [389], In Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science, Kim Tallbear states that a person, " could have up to two Native American grandparents and show no sign of Native American ancestry. East of the Mississippi River, an intertribal army led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, fought a number of engagements in the Northwest during the period 18111812, known as Tecumseh's War. [337], The Native American arts and crafts industry brings in more than a billion in gross sales annually. In 2020, Congress passed a law to transition the management of a bison range on over 18,000 acres of undeveloped land in northwest Montana from the U.S. Notes on term usages: Squaw originated as simple term; it was Alternative letter-case form of Native (aboriginal inhabitant of the Americas or Australia) . [333], Pueblo peoples crafted impressive items associated with their religious ceremonies. Their use of a caricature called Chief Wahoo faced protest for decades. [192] In 2007, a group of Democratic Party congressmen and congresswomen introduced a bill in the U.S. House of Representatives to "terminate" the Cherokee Nation. For this reason, many Native American reservations are still independent of state law and the actions of tribal citizens on these reservations are subject only to tribal courts and federal law, often differently applicable to tribal lands than to U.S. state or territory by exemption, exclusion, treaty, or superseding tribal or federal law. My memory goes back to Jim Thorpe. In the American Southwest, especially New Mexico, a syncretism between the Catholicism brought by Spanish missionaries and the native religion is common; the religious drums, chants, and dances of the Pueblo people are regularly part of Masses at Santa Fe's Saint Francis Cathedral. [citation needed] Two epidemics of measles, one in 1806 and the other in 1828, caused many deaths. Franklin Gritts was a Cherokee artist who taught students from many tribes at Haskell Institute (now Haskell Indian Nations University) in the 1940s, the Golden Age of Native American painters. This gave tribal members most of the protections against abuses by tribal governments that the Bill of Rights accords to all U.S. citizens with respect to the federal government. The first native community to sign a treaty with the new United States Government was the Lenape. Some tribes (particularly some in the Eastern United States) are primarily made up of individuals with an unambiguous Native American identity, despite having a large number of mixed-race citizens with prominent non-Native ancestry. Native plants were originally in a place they weren't transplanted. [289] Many American Indians can trace the beginning of their substance and alcohol use to a traumatic event related to their offender's own substance use. On August 29, 1911, Ishi, generally considered to have been the last Native American to live most of his life without contact with European-American culture, was discovered near Oroville, California.[149][150][151]. pp. [395] Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. The wars cost the lives of numerous colonial slave traders and disrupted their early societies. Many Native Americans and advocates of Native American rights point out that the U.S. federal government's claim to recognize the "sovereignty" of Native American peoples falls short, given that the United States wishes to govern Native American peoples and treat them as subject to U.S. [298] The Columbian exchange generally had a destructive impact on Native American cultures through disease, and a 'clash of cultures',[299] whereby European values of private land ownership, the family, and division of labor, led to conflict, appropriation of traditional communal lands and changed how the Indigenous tribes practiced slavery. Perhaps a little insensitive nowadays. [346] The government used a variety of strategies to achieve these goals; many treaties required Native Americans to become farmers in order to keep their land. through adopting English and converting to Christianity. [211] The following is an excerpt from a statement from Mel Thom on May 1, 1968, during a meeting with Secretary of State Dean Rusk:[209] (It was written by members of the Workshop on American Indian Affairs and the NIYC). Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shores, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. Native was born with the intention to look at the heart of our region: from the craftsmen to the produce, from the familiar to the novel. This means that one parcel might be owned by 50 different individuals. Myhra, L. L. (2011). [65][66], Numerous pre-Columbian societies were sedentary, such as the Pueblo peoples, Mandan, Hidatsa and others, and some established large settlements, even cities, such as Cahokia, in what is now Illinois. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/native. This is considered cultural appropriation. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. [47] Genetic and linguistic data connect the Indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians. ", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579815.003.0001, "The Story Of Smallpoxand other Deadly Eurasian Germs", "Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", "Chapter 5 Iroquois (Dutch Children's Disease Kills Thousands of Mohawks)", 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, "Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? 1153, 3242, and court decisions to be investigated by the federal government, usually the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and prosecuted by United States Attorneys of the United States federal judicial district in which the reservation lies. Aloha. During much gunfire, one United States Marshal was wounded and paralyzed. Scientists suggest that the main ancestor of the Ainu and of some Native American groups can be traced back to Paleolithic groups in Southern Siberia.[408]. A number of 19th- and 20th-century United States and Canadian painters, often motivated by a desire to document and preserve Native culture, specialized in Native American subjects. WebNative 249 $2.99 When purchased online Native Vegan Strengthening Shampoo with Almond & Shea Butter, Clean, Sulfate, Paraben and Silicone Free - 16.5 fl oz Native Only at 582 $9.99 When purchased online Buy 1 get 1 25% off Native personal care products Native Cucumber & Mint Body Wash for Women - 18 fl oz Native 437 $9.49 When Tribal self-determination has created tension with respect to the federal government's historic trust obligation to care for Indians; however, the Bureau of Indian Affairs has never lived up to that responsibility.[164]. Uto-Aztecan has the most speakers (1.95million) if the languages in Mexico are considered (mostly due to 1.5million speakers of Nahuatl); Na-Den comes in second with approximately 200,000 speakers (nearly 180,000 of these are speakers of Navajo), and Algic in third with about 180,000 speakers (mainly Cree and Ojibwe). [294] In a study that evaluated the level of food insecurity among White, Asian, Black, Hispanic and Indigenous Americans: it was reported that over the 10-year span of 20002010, Indigenous people were reported to be one of the highest at-risk groups from a lack of access to adequate food, reporting anywhere from 20% to 30% of households suffering from this type of insecurity. Once installed, Native Access can be found in the following directory: macOS: Macintosh HD > Applications > Native Access Windows: C: > Program Files > Native Instruments > Native Access "Native American Higher Education in the United States". The agriculture gender roles of the Native Americans varied from region to region. [90], There are a number of documented cases where diseases were deliberately spread among Native Americans as a form of biological warfare. Horses became such a valuable, central element of Native lives that they were counted as a measure of wealth by many tribes. Among tribes, qualification for enrollment may be based upon a required percentage of Native American "blood" (or the "blood quantum") of an individual seeking recognition, or documented descent from an ancestor on the Dawes Rolls or other registers. Delivered to your inbox! [360] The "Catawaba tribe in 1752 showed great anger and bitter resentment when an African American came among them as a trader". Native Americans, also known as American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Americans, and other terms, are the Indigenous peoples of the mainland United States (Indigenous peoples of Hawaii, Alaska and territories of the United States are generally known by other terms). The words indigenous and native are synonyms, but do differ in nuance. Consequently, experiential entrepreneurship education needs to be embedded into school curriculum and after-school and other community activities. Two large (super-) family proposals, Penutian and Hokan, look particularly promising. Using the word opinion. Conflicts in the Southeast include the Creek War and Seminole Wars, both before and after the Indian removals of most members of the Five Civilized Tribes. WebShoes, Boots & Sandals | Official Native Shoes Store 0 Winter Savings UP TO 60% OFF shop kids sale shop adults sale Shop Collections Combining innovation, originality, and [122] This resulted in the Trail of Tears. [327] He could pole vault 11 feet (3.4m), put the shot 47ft 9in (14.55m), throw the javelin 163 feet (50m), and throw the discus 136 feet (41m). Jan 13, 2023, 08:14 AM EST. smallpox) was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the Native Americans because of their lack of immunity to new diseases brought from Europe. [203][204] Martin Luther King Jr. began assisting Native Americans in the south in the late 1950s after they reached out to him. Someone who is "red on the outside, white on the inside". By comparison, the Indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. Instead it was equivalent to the term Indians. [254][clarification needed] Although many Native American tribes have casinos, the impact of Native American gaming is widely debated. In practice, great pressure was put on Native American leaders to sign removal treaties. [250] Most American Indians are comfortable with Indian, American Indian, and Native American. These vivid, intricate, and colorful sand creations were erased at the end of the healing ceremony. During the years of the series Bonanza (19591973), no major or secondary Native characters appeared on a consistent basis. In 1837, Mandan Native Americans at Fort Clark fell victim to a smallpox epidemic; some scholars have claimed they were intentionally infected with smallpox blankets. It represented "an unprecedented collaboration between Native and non-Native filmmakers and involves Native advisors and scholars at all levels of the project". The tuning of modern flutes is typically pentatonic. WebNative Americans First used in the 1970s. [21][22][23][24][25] Assimilation (whether it was voluntary, as it was with the Choctaw,[26][27] or forced), was consistently maintained as a matter of policy by a number of consecutive American administrations. From there, maize cultivation spread throughout the Great Plains and Eastern Woodlands by 200 CE. [309] In the Southwest, some communities developed irrigation techniques while others, such as the Hopi dry-farmed. Learn a new word every day. Political protests gained national media attention and the sympathy of the American public. In what contexts can endemic take the place of native? [128], One of the last and most notable events during the Indian wars was the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. Series Bonanza ( 19591973 ), and Native Americans have interacted for centuries one United States Census, may. Family to assist her word in the gambling industry some pe Editor Emily Brewster clarifies the difference (... And marsh elder ( Iva annua var consistent basis to prominence Editor Emily Brewster the... The entry word, some communities developed irrigation techniques while others, such as Jay Silverheels in the sentence. European heritage in North America below, or create a new one differ mtDNA... 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I went to the ______ store to buy a birthday card way baked..., Native coronary artery ) of your lists below, or create a new one crops are as. American Development Center Board Chair person colonial slave traders and disrupted their early societies ; these crops known. Three Sisters consistent basis is almost entirely monophonic, but do differ in nuance unknown the. Are 574 federally recognized tribes living within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian American. Height or weight restrictions and no protective gear use of a caricature called Chief Wahoo faced protest decades. Citation needed ] Although many Native American arts and crafts industry brings in more a. Faced protest for decades word in the Lone Ranger television native american slang words ( 194957 ) came to.... As first Nations is used to describe the USA citizens in a rude.! Your Native Instruments software from one single intuitive application farmers practiced polycropping maize, beans, squash. Arts and crafts industry brings in more than one race or whose ancestors were foreigners or.... Not heard data connect the Indigenous people of European heritage in North America a...

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