major problems of agriculture in ethiopiamajor problems of agriculture in ethiopia

Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . This is one of the leading issues that they are facing every day. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). The country has also ample opportunity in. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Risk and resilience in a new era. Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. Want to see the full answer? Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Shekuru et al. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. The role of science, technology and innovation in ensuring food security by 2030. Nov. 13, 2009. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia's most promising resource is its agricultural land. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Question. Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., 2017). Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Two of the most. image: . fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). Table 3. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). EEA/EEPRI. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Desertification 3. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. Table 11. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. . Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Agriculture in Ethiopia. The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. Deforestation 4. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. Why poverty? However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Therefore, there is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. Ethiopia has varies potentials regarding to aggro-ecological zones. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Advertisement. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Issues impacting agriculture identified in the survey include: Supplying the growing global demand for commodities arising from developing economies and world population growth Availability and price of land for expansion New government mandates and regulations Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets Figure 1. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). Figure 2. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. Sutcliffe (2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million.

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