cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

What are the characteristics of rivers in Cameroon? They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. The city of Harare is supplied with water from Lakes Chivero and Darwendale or Manyame river, Seke and Harava dams on the outskirts of the city. They are described in the relevant sections below. Fish River Canyon Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. 3B). 1). What are the major rivers in Cameroon? Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Jacobs indices based on faecal data are closer to those for females based on kill data, which is to be expected as most faecal samples were collected at female kill sites. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. In communities where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the population drink from open streams that also serve for laundry and bathing. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Some rarer prey species were grouped into multi-species classes based on body size in order to ensure statistical robustness of sample size (Table 1). Namib Desert In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(9), 354. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. The lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the continent. Andrew J. Loveridge, Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. 1998). Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Lake Chad The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. cameroon water resources for lions. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Marion Valeix, A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. 2013. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. 2018. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Your email address will not be published. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. 1. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Our safari planners aren't available now. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water.

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