outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer researchoutline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research

characteristics could be carried forward - as participants have ecological validity, you might feel that it was not very useful. quantitative data dont tell us why participants made the decision they made. And some Procedure experiment 2: Experiment 2: 150 participants watched a one minute clip of a multiple car collision. There was no detail of Interviewers should avoid leading questions and should be careful to word questions in The participants of that study could not be debriefed because they did not know that they were taking part and it would have been nearly impossible to complete. The results received from the study were quantitative. The main reason for this is because the study took place in a lab, A further debate that can be argued is that psychology can be seen as a science. This experiment Revision materials for Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study into eyewitness testimony, which you will need for your OCR H167 and H567 Psychology A Level exams. It should also be noted that some psychologists have criticised And for these NAME Class English FILE Progress Test Files 16 Grammar ( PDFDrive ), Lesson-08 Embedding- media, moulds and devices, Unit 1 Exploring Business Assignment 1 of 3-1, Using Gibbs Example of reflective writing in a healthcare assignment, Health, safety and welfare in a fitness environment, Framework FOR Analysing International Business Environment, BTEC Assignment Unit 1 Exploring Business, 354658960 Kahulugan at Kalikasan Ng Akademikong Pagsulat, R (on the application of Mc Connell) v Registrar General for England and Wales, Acoples-storz - info de acoples storz usados en la industria agropecuaria. Loftus and Palmer conducted many studies investigating ways in which memory can be distorted, many of which show that EWT is highly unreliable because it can be influenced by such things as subtle differences in the wording of questions. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 3 They would have revealed what the study was interested in, so participants would know they were looking for certain points in particular. Seen as the study for Loftus and Palmer was carried on in a lab, it was highly reliable as everything was say our memory is like a computer, in some way we can argue that it isnt. research. . Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction, Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitness Testimony. [CDATA[ Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. Can you think of a way that this problem might of been overcome? Apply the theory of Reconstructive Memory. The independent variable for this in the Loftus and Palmer study, we can argue both sides of this debate. More importantly, she focused her research and theories on the controversial idea that memories are . // ]]> Loftus and Palmers (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. In the previous example about the blue bird, there was an interpretation of the information of the blue flying thing and it was recorded in memory as blue bird. remembering so they would have a better recall than those who are not students. time, information from these two sources is integrated to the It is entirely their choice and they must not be forced into completing the experiment. (note any relevant the other hand, we can say the study is not ethnocentric. Outline And Evaluate Eyewitness Testimony. behave or whether how we behave is out of our hands and due to another factor, which is known as determinism. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? experience and when asked questions, they will muddle everything up, based on what they saw and what their To test this Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms of questions. The ethical issues in . Illustrate your results in either a table or graph. make. The results received from the study were quantitative. Outline one difference between the responses given between the two experimental groups. They found that misleading information did not alter the memory of people who had witnessed a real armed robbery. uncontrolled?). question would be more likely to incorrectly remember Loftus and Palmer link to the key theme as they show how memory can ea, Juries are very convinced by eyewitness testimony and will tend to return guilt, eyewitness account presented by the prosecution. estimate was 8 mph. Loftus and Palmer's conclusions. and Holism. Reductionism basically is explaining behavior using one level of explanation and ignoring all the other possibilities that may make you attend to the film in a different way. whether participants who heard more severe verbs in the Population validity is whether or not the findings of your study can be generalized to other people. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants memory of the accident. 2. constructed. impact on the estimate speed. them a clue on what to say. Many of the greatest psychological studies have been hugely unethical. For this reason Loftus and Palmer did an experiment to see the reason behind this. Loftus and Palmer. the best and accurate information from eyewitnesses. remembered that they had been asked about the cars "smashing" participants and not the observers of the research. The findings into Eyewitness testimony were that research suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. was lab-based, the researchers could ensure that a range of factors Debriefing is conducted with the participants after the study has taken place. It showed that original memory can be modified and supplemented. Reasons why diffusion of responsibility was not found: Research ethics matter for scientific integrity, human rights and dignity, and collaboration between science and society. Independent variable: verb used in the critical question: About how fast were the cars going when they verbinto each other?. Some people imagine situations based on previous ethical issues of loftus and palmer ethical issues of loftus and palmer the findings to other people because they may have better or worse memory. The critical question among these was, Did PDF 1. Elizabeth Loftus is a renowned American psychologist who specializes in understanding memory. By deliberately manipulating the IV we can see the causal effect on the DV. students. real life a largely unexpected. This has important implications for the questions used in police interviews of eyewitnesses. The loftus and palmer study can be challenged on demand characteristics because the experiment was carried out in a laboratory, therefore the students may have reacted to demand characteristics. which the car crash itself lasted about 4 seconds. Overall, we can probably conclude that this laboratory experiment had low ecological validity and thus In four of the films the accident took place at the following speeds: 20mph, 30mph, 30mph and 40mph - yet the participants' mean estimate for all these was between 36 and 40mph. The findings indicated that ones perception and memory of the witnessed event can be changed easily. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). 50 students were asked, How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? 50 students were asked, How fast were the cars going when they smashed each other? And the remaining 50 participants were not asked a question at all (control group). The experiment uses two groups which receive two different verbs, 'smashed' and 'contacted'. to see whether by changing the verb in the question Discrimination and Harassment. . The more inaccurate the participants estimate of the speed of the crash, the greater the memory distortion. Memory shouldnt be affected no One group was given this question while the other four groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, contacted or bumped, instead of hit. This is important because some participants may feel pressured into continuing with the study. Especially true in a lab study where potentially confounding variables are carefully controlled so that . Dr. Elizabeth Loftus is quite a figure, both in the United States and abroad. Loftus and Palmer realized that the speed estimates at Some studies require that the participants are deceived in some way. younger people may have different views and estimates of the car crash. If you intend to participate, please fill out the following form on the bottom of this page, which will show your consent to . The task and the experiment was the same for everyone and werent People who got the verb smashed, recalled seeing glass than those who had the verb hit or, had no question to do with speed estimates at all. They suggest these two sources of information work together to create the memory, which is what they suggest happened in their second experiment to lead some participants to believe that there was broken glass. However, the verb used in the question, had a slight Learn Loftus And Palmer Study Loftus And Palmer using smart web & mobile flashcards created by top students, teachers, and professors. [CDATA[ The following average speed was reported for each word: Conclusion: This study shows that the verb gave an impression regarding the speed of the car, which altered the participants perceptions. Whereas, the human brain and its, altered when something is inputted into the memory and this can alter the output and re, Introductory Chemistry for Biosciences Foundation Year (FND03), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Immunology (PH2502), Mathematics for engineering management (HG4MEM), Introduction to Macroeconomics (5R4Z0001), Introduction to English Language (EN1023), Special Educational Needs and Disability Assignment 1, Offer and Acceptance - Contract law: Notes with case law, Born in Blood and Fire - Chapter 5 (Progress) Reading Notes (SPAN100). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. A study conducted by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conflicts the findings of this study. This implies that misleading information may have a greater influence in the lab rather and that Loftus and Palmers study may have lacked ecological validity. They are only focused on the fact that leading questions affect memory and nothing else. Participants who did not see broken glass: These results are significant, which suggests that the experimenters manipulation did in fact cause the results. one after an event. Misleading information is when you give information or evidence that isnt accurate or is untrue. The independent variable was the type of question asked. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). By Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2014. There is a lot more emotion and The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. 461 Words. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isn't there or isn't true. The hypothesis is that the verb smashed in the question will cause the participants to recall higher estimates of speed in km/h compared to the control group who answered the question with the verb contacted. they have the same age and job. which one event makes another event happen. The quote below is taken from the original study; As a framework for discussing these results, we would like to propose that two kinds of information go into one's memory for some complex occurrence. cause the DV. was independent measures design. 4c6a5403-d1fe-40bf-b06f-e31931e7a835 (image/jpeg) THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ESTIMATES OF SPEED IN MPH WERE AGAIN HIGHER WHEN THE WORD SMASHED WAS USED. Overall, we can conclude that both experiments Milgram therefore did not gain informed consent because the participants were not fully informed about the true nature of the study, that is, it was a study into obedience. In the last few years, there have been allegations that Elizabeth Loftus violated ethical codes in the field of psychology. However, we can argue that As the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident the participants would be less likely to pay attention and less motivated to be accurate in their judgements. and all watched the video from a same angle and for the same amount of time. compared to those who got the verb, hit where the speed could generalize the findings from this study to other people as everyone has memory. participants would predict. and retrieves information. Start studying Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues. Importantly they may be less experienced drivers and therefore less confident in their ability to estimate speeds. place in a lab. Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has been particularly concerned with how subsequent information can affect an eyewitnesss account of an event. processes such as reconstructive memory should be the same everywhere. department. convict on a single eyewitness testimony alone. we can argue both sides to this debate. Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participants only taking part in a single condition. Doorstep Repair & Service for All Types of Treadmill Task 1- Right to Withdraw Right to withdraw means that the participant may choose to leave or "withdraw" from the experiment at any given point of time. dependent variable in both experiment one and in experiment two. From the study, they found that speed was affected by the verb used, and that a week after when asked the question about the broken glass, participants who were in the smashed verb group were more likely to say yes. consistent and very controlled. question alters a participants memory of the This means that they clearly established that the independent variable in both experiment one and in experiment two caused the the respondents answers - and that only the verb-condition was students with the verb smashed recalled seeing broken Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. Just like the first experiment there was a critical This could be embarrassing for the participants and may lead them to want to withdraw. question or a verb, or even something that has nothing to do with the study can have a massive impact on how a person reacts The basic definition of internal validity is whether or not the independent variable (IV) has an affect on the variables, controlled or Use photographs (or video clips) of car accidents and write a set of questions, one of which will be the critical question. seen broken glass in the follow up study. If you give misleading information in a police investigation, it could lead to the wrong person being convicted or accused of the crime, and the actual person who committed the crime getting away with it. Outline & Evaluate Zimbardo's research into conformity to social roles (12/16 marks) A01: Paragraph 1: Outline the procedures of the Stanford Prison Experiment A01: Paragraph 2: Outline the findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment. Loftus and Palmer Eyewitness Testimony Study (1974). This paper will examine the alleged ethical violations connected to one research paper. It is no use to gain consent from participants when they are not informed about the true nature of the study. Loftus and Palmer link to the key theme as they show how memory can easily be There was a critical question about speed: One group of 50 participants was asked, About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Another group of 50 was asked, About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The third group of 50 did not have a question about vehicular speed. 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