how did minoans and mycenaeans affect greek civilizationhow did minoans and mycenaeans affect greek civilization

Aegean civilizations, the Stone and Bronze Age civilizations that arose and flourished in the area of the Aegean Sea in the periods, respectively, about 7000-3000 bc and about 3000-1000 bc. Some modern scholars have suggested that the tombs served not only as the final resting place of Mycenaean kings, but also as the grounds where elaborate funerary games were held in honor of the deceased. The burial goods from the Mycenae shaft graves (where the iconic gold death masks were discovered) express a close relationship with the Minoans. What would cause one group of people to destroy another group of people? The Minoans were not Greek, but they were the first to live on the Greek island of Crete. Although the context in which the classical Greeks performed their sports was different than that of the Mycenaeans, the idea of athletic competition and physical fitness originated with their Bronze Age ancestors. The main transition from Minoan marine style pottery to the octopus style was that it modified from an organic to a symmetrical style. The Minoans are known to modern scholars by the modern name given to them derived from the mythical king Minos who was said in mythology to have a great palace at Knossos in Crete. Shortly, Stirrup jars began to appear, and prevalent patterns were spirals, while naturalistic motifs become less popular and more stylistic. . Imaging that you write for TV Guide. The only recordings we have of the language are from tablets. Minoans had a great influence on the Greek mainland as well the island of the Aegean during the Second Palace Period. The Minoans spoke an ancient language that is unknown and unclassified. The Mycenaeans were able to take land by force in the Aegean region, but they eventually expanded their influence directly to Anatolia and Egypt through trade, incorporating their culture into the Bronze Age system from about 1400 BC until its collapse around the year 1200 BC. Think about: Lesson 3: How did the ancient Greeks develop the idea of citizenship? Most of the clay tablets found were baked, although originally were of unbaked clay and therefore lead us to a conclusion that there might have been a fire, but not necessarily on purpose. The Minoans and Mycenaeans occupy an important place in Greek, and European, history. The. The Mycenaeans are the first Greeks, in other words, they were the first people to speak the Greek language. From frescoes, signet rings, seal stones and deposits, we know they participated in libations, processions, feasts, and even the ritual event of bull-leaping. Minoans relied heavily on religious iconography, depicting the images of their gods and especially goddesses. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The archaeological record has provided us with a great deal of information about their interconnectedness, transmission of ideas and goods, and shifts in political and trade dominance in the Mediterranean. When did the Mycenaean civilization develop in Greece? The ancestors of the Mycenaeans split off from the Indo-European homeland north of the Caucasus Mountains and began a long trek west and southward until they entered Greece around 2,200 BC. But long before any Greek philosophers contemplated the nature of the universe, there was a thriving Bronze Age civilization in Greece that influenced classical Greece the same way that the classical Greeks influenced Rome and medieval Europe. It came from country houses and palaces where they were used as rectangular clay tablets from Knossos, Zakros and Mallia. It is primarily through the burial goods of the Mycenaean elite that a pattern for the preference of Minoan craftsmanship and iconography has been recognised. No plagiarism, guaranteed! The Mycenaeans had a syllabic script we now call Linear B because there is evidence that it developed from Minoan writing. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. On Egyptian tombs, paintings of Minoan people bringing in high quality gifts can be seen, and this can easily be linked to Minoan products. The Mycenaeans also became interested in trade. Additionally, the Minoans constructed tholos or beehive tombs, which was a style of burial also used by the Mycenaeans. Linear B script and pictures show that the Mycenaeans worshiped gods and goddesses who were predecessors to Poseidon, Demeter, and Persephone among others. Men and women were of equal social status. Castleden says that the early Mycenaean graves were simple and functional, without pretention, and virtually unchanged from those of the preceding middle Helladic[8]. They built sanctuaries to practice their religion in caves and on mountaintops. One of the first tholos tombs constructed was immediately after the last shaft grave and was known as the Cyclopean tomb, this occurred around 1490 B.C. The palaces were grand structures, with Knossos being the largest of the main sites and the only one that kept its grandeur after the widespread destruction c. 1700 BCE. Updates? Others believe they were destroyed by invaders, the Mycenaeans. The Mycenaean religion is considered the mother of the Ancient Greek religion. Why Mycenaean were the first civilization of Greek? Crete became the foremost site of Bronze Age culture in the Aegean Sea, and in fact it was the first centre of high civilization in that area, beginning at the end of the 3rd millennium bce. In classical antiquity, writers such as Herodotus, Plato, Xenophon, Athenaeus and many others explored aspects of homosexuality in Greek society.The most widespread and socially significant form of same-sex sexual relations in ancient Greece amongst elite circles was between adult men and pubescent or adolescent boys, known as pederasty (marriages in Ancient Greece between men and women were . All work is written to order. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. [3] Later studies of Aegean culture demonstrated that the Linear A script was used from about 1600 until 1450 BC on Crete, while Linear B surpassed the earlier form of writing after 1450 on Crete and from approximately 1400 until 1200 BC on mainland Greece. How did the Minoans influence the Mycenaeans? World History Encyclopedia, 24 Sep 2020. The Minoans didn't speak the Greek language. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1610/the-minoans--mycenaeans-comparison-of-two-bronze-a/. Additionally, while the Mycenaeans were discovered to have had a wide variety of weaponry suitable to battle, Minoan weapons were ceremonial and incapable of inflicting any real harm on a prospective opponent. Mycenaean tholos tombs have been found on mainland Greece as well as on Crete. Directions: All that we know about ancient Greek civilization we know through the discoveries of archaeologists. Because the languages origins are unknown, most of the language is unable to be deciphered meaning converted into a modern day language. The Minoan Civilization and its counterpart on the Greek Mainland, the Mycenaean Civilization, were Europe's first literate societies and the cultural ancestors of later Classical Greece. They adopted much of the culture of . Minoan civilization from the island of Crete and the Mycenaean from the South of mainland Greece were two of the first European civilizations. In Crete, the Mycenaeans took advantage of the weakened Minoan state and conquered Knossos around 1400 B.C. The influence on the Mycenaeans by the Minoans on Crete has been expressed through their similar yet smaller palatial centres, their burial practices, possession of goods and adoption of common Minoan symbols. [8] The focus of the Bronze Age events was also apparently more so on the spirit of competition than the defeat of an opponent or prizes. The Minoans lived on the Greek . The tablets show that like many of their contemporaries in the Bronze Age Near East, the Mycenaeans practiced a ritual based religion that was led by a sizable priest class who owned land and probably exercised a considerable amount of political power. A citizen's strong loyalty to his city-state enabled Greeks to unify. The Minoans were a wealthy society. The Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations were separate cultures with distinctive features and differences, but they did not exist entirely separately. A significant part of the Minoan art and culture were the frescoes. During the Second palace period, Minoans traded to the islands of Thera, Melos and Kea towards mainland Greece. Minoan Snake Goddess, Knossos.Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Minoan Procession Fresco. The presence of a main female deity and its transmission to the mainland has been noted by Marinatos: the dominant goddess of the Minoan pantheon was a female one, and her symbol was the double axe. As Higgins has noted; "many of the treasures from these two Grave-Circles are of Cretan origin, and nearly all show Cretan influence," an occurrence which has been identified at Pylos, especially with the discovery of the Griffin Warrior burial (76). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! C at Mycenae. Early during the bronze age, red was the most common color used, although by the period of the First Palaces, a wide array of colors were composed such as blue, grey, yellow and white. Supporting Helladic Greece, the fluctuations in Minoan styles and techniques. The Mycenaean civilization flourished in the late Bronze Age from Mycenaean society was strictly hierarchical, valued family lineage Ellen Davis. Archeologists think this might have been due to a natural disaster such as an earthquake. Britannica Quiz Walls were decorated with paint plaster from the end of the Neolithic period onwards. Fragments detailing scenes of birds and monkeys in a scenic landscape through which water streams would flow. The Minoans were known for their free-flowing artistic decoration and showed a preference for marine and plant life. The Minoans were a people of Eastern Mediterranean origins who settled the island of Crete. As a result, Minoans were the forerunner of Greek civilization and considered the first European civilization. An analysis of ancient DNA has revealed that Ancient Minoans and Mycenaens were genetically similar with both peoples descending from early Neolithic farmers. Question 17. In all probability, the Mycenaean sought their inspiration from the Middle Minoans round tombs. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean, The Minoans & Mycenaeans: Comparison of Two Bronze Age Civilisations, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Minoans managed a lucrative ancient shipping empire that dominated the Mediterranean, Greece, the Greek Islands, and . At first glance they seem identical, however, with greater analysis, they not only convey two entirely different scenes but also represent different aesthetic styles, which suggests two different craftsmen. Linear B scripts were discovered in a similar manner as Linear A- preserved as baked clay although according to researchers they were unbaked and most probably used for temporary records since there were no dates mentioned, just references to this year or last year. The Mycenaeans were influenced by the earlier Minoan civilization , located on the island of Crete . They had that in common with all the early people who lived on the Greek peninsula. Nov 2020 houses for rent ridgeland, ms how did minoans and mycenaeans affect greek civilization. What was the Mycenaean civilization known for? This theory is corroborated through artefacts such as an ostrich egg, known from Egyptian craftsmen but found in a Mycenaean burial with Minoan embellishments, suggesting Minoan interference before its interment with a Mycenaean elite. Macquire, Kelly. Instead the kings would use the money for the military and huge ceremonies celebrating victory or the death of a warrior. The Minoan economy was based in the maritime trade of agricultural products like wine, olives, and figs in exchange for minerals and other resources like copper and ivory. *You can also browse our support articles here >. This is due to the Linear B archives being used exclusively for economic and administrative records. In contrast to many modern-day religions, the ancient Minoan religion was focused on female deities. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Vermeule, Emily Townsend. Some of the events were no doubt anachronistic it would have been impossible to have an iron toss during the Bronze Age but it is believed that the Mycenaeans probably participated in most of the games, although with some slight differences. Minoan civilization, Bronze Age civilization of Crete that flourished from about 3000 bce to about 1100 bce. Minoan Bull-Leaping Fresco from the Palace of Knossos. Lesson 2: How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans take advantage of Greece's geography? The three largest and best known of the Mycenaean cities were Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos, with the latter probably being the most important. The Minoans & Mycenaeans: Comparison of Two Bronze Age Civilisations. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Around 1500 BC the Mycenaeans built the first cities in continental Europe. 1.) She has a passion for mythology and the Aegean Bronze Age. The Mycenaeans lived mostly on mainland Greece and were the first people to speak the Greek language. These cultures are often examined separately, and thus the ample cross-cultural transmission between them is overlooked. The Mycenaean civilization thrived between 1650 and 1200 BC. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Did the Mycenaeans conquer the Minoans? The Mycenaeans came from Asia to invade the Greek mainland. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ", Jack Davis and Sharon Stocker. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. They established a new order on Crete, with centres at Knossos and Phaistos. Minoan civilization flourished starting about 4000 years ago while Mycenaean civilization followed about 500 years later. Mycenaean graves were described as a shallow pit dug into a rock, large enough to take up a folded human body. The Minoans and the Mycenaeans were two of the early civilizations that developed in Greece. While the Minoans focused on building relationships with other cultures in the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, the Mycenaeans fought and battled their way across the area to overtake and build their own cities and outposts. The Mycenaeans first built their trade networks within Greece by constructing the first roads in Europe to bring wheat from Thessaly and oil from Attica to the primary Mycenaean cities of Mycenae, Pylos, and Tiryns on the Peloponnese peninsula. The mythical Minos, for instance, was considered by the ancient Greeks to have been a king of Crete, and Plato's myth of Atlantis is believed by some to be based on the . Following the conquest, the island experienced a wonderful fusion of Cretan and mainland skills. The origin of Linear B script as previously mentioned before has been a matter of dispute for quite a while, although now it is generally accepted that it was adapted from Linear A scripts and Hieroglyphics or in other words, Minoan intervention. Why do you think the Minoans shared so much about their culture with the Mycenaeans? It was the first European civilization. How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans affect Greek civilization? Minoan techniques and styles in ceramics also provided models, of fluctuating influence, for Helladic Greece. The Minoans were primarily a mercantilist people engaged in overseas trade. Mycenaeans were affected by the Minoans through the borrowing borrowed from the Minoan culture of Crete. [12] The ever industrious and economically inclined classical Greeks no doubt inherited some of these traits from their Mycenaean ancestors. (41) The City of Mycenae Mycenae was a fortified late Bronze Age city located between two hills on the Argolid plain of the Peloponnese, Greece. The Mycenaeans appear to have been greatly influenced by the Minoans of Crete in their worship of earth goddesses and sky gods, which, in time, become the classical pantheon of ancient Greece. Those ideas were passed on into the Hellenistic Period and later picked up by the Romans to create a continuous line of cultural innovation that bound the various Greek city-states and later the Romans into a single civilization, often known as Greco-Roman or Hellenic Civilization. Off you go, so the rest of the men can have a crack at contests. [9]. When Mycenaeans (to be more correct: Achaeans or Danaeans) arrived in Greece circa 2,000 BCE, the Minoan were already a thriving civilization. The Minoan society lasted about 1,350 years, from 2600-1250 B.C., and reached its peak during the period from 1700 to 1450 B.C. Although first rediscovered in the nineteenth century, it was not deciphered until 1952 by Englishman Michael Ventris, who determined that the actual language was an early form of Greek. Share the prizes. Directions: In your notebook, create a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the Minoans and the Mycenaeans. What do other cultures influenced Minoan civilization? Mycenaeans Conquer the Minoans The Minoan civilization began to weaken around 1450 BC. The Linear A script was found engraved on a number of different objects all the way from pottery vessels, bronzes, jewelry, stone vessels and most importantly libation tables and so forth. The Bronze Age Aegean in the eastern Mediterranean encompassed several powerful entities: the Minoans on Crete; the Mycenaeans on mainland Greece, and the Cypriots on Cyprus. What civilizations influenced the Minoans? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Some Active Trade Routes in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The Minoans were a wealthy society. What showed a clear interest in naturalism was classical Kamares pottery, and this defined the high point in Minoan pottery. Other important wealthy people lived just outside of the palace. The most significant Mycenaean achievement was the invention of a new writing system, the syllabary named Linear B. Analysis of DNA from ancient remains on the Greek island of Crete suggests the Minoans were indigenous Europeans, shedding new light on a debate over the provenance of this ancient culture . Although the Mycenaeans did borrow the concept of worshiping god-like figures, the Mycenaeans worshiped similar gods more closely related to those of the Ancient Greeks. This influence is seen in Mycenaean palaces, clothing, frescoes, and their . How did greek mythology affect greek culture Rating: 4,1/10 993 reviews Greek mythology has had a significant influence on Greek culture, art, and literature for thousands of years. "The Minoans & Mycenaeans: Comparison of Two Bronze Age Civilisations." During the Second palace period, Minoans traded to the islands of Thera, Melos and Kea towards mainland Greece. Some Active Trade Routes in the Bronze Age MediterraneanKelly Macquire (CC BY-NC-SA). The center of Minoan civilization had brilliant palaces as evident by the kings wealth and power. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Mycenaeans adopted the numeration and measurement system of Minoan Crete thus facilitating the control of production and trade. The Mycenaeans were influenced by the earlier Minoan civilization (2000-1450 BCE) which had spread from its origins at Knossos, Crete to include the wider Aegean. The Mycenaeans took over the islands of the Minoans and adopted much of the Minoan culture. 1 How did Minoans and Mycenaeans affect Greek civilization? Write a 1 paragraph description of the program that will feature those discoveries. It does not store any personal data. Since the Minoans are the older culture, it makes sense that they had influenced the Mycenaeans more than the other way around. Minoan pottery was firstly dominated by the light-on-dark paintings during the First Palace Period and soon transitioned towards the dark-on-light style. Minoans were a civilization that benefitted from trade, and hence for it to have a significant impact on the Mycenaean civilization, trade was the main solution. Click below for Lesson 2. [3] They traded pottery for ivory and metals They carried goods to other ports They controlled the seas and protected travelers from pirates The Minoan civilization ended suddenly. Minoan techniques and themes, in relation to frescoes, have been found outside Crete and hence have been a great influence on Mycenaean frescoes, which have been found at Pylos, Mycenae and Tiryns. In fact, even the name Mycenaean is a modern convention that has been applied to the entire Bronze Age Greek culture, although more specifically it refers to the Greek Bronze Age city of Mycenae, which was rebuilt during the classical period. The term "Minoan" was coined after the mythic "king" Minos, who was associated in Greek myth with the labyrinth identified with the site at Knossos. The majority of artefacts published from the rich burial of the Griffin Warrior expresses a preference for Minoan religious iconography and Minoan craftsmanship. The earliest Mycenaean fresco decorations were very similar to Minoan traditions such as embodying regional themes and ceremonial procession figures in palaces. The Mycenaean civilization and another ancient Greek civilization, the Minoan civilization, provided the background and setting for the famous stories of Homer, the famous Greek poet and writer . The best example for the contrast of artistic styles of the Minoans and Mycenaeans is displayed through the two gold cups found at the Mycenaean Vaphio tomb. Books This theory has been addressed by Burns who commented: not only was Minoan Crete a major source for prestige items in the Shaft Graves, but many of the materials and items imported from the eastern Mediterranean seem to have come through Minoan intermediaries (76). Why, why not? What were Minoan and Mycenaean culture like? Quite parallel to the Minoan naturalistic theme, the Mycenaean Greeks reflected their depictions through animals. They built large trade ships and traveled to places like Egypt where they traded goods like olive oil and wine for metals and ivory. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The Octopus style evolved with representations from of course, octopuses, fish and birds. The classical Greeks are rightfully remembered today for being cultural torch bearers who brought civilization to Europe after the collapse of the Bronze Age system. Unfortunately, often overlooked and even forgotten are the classical Greeks Bronze Age ancestors, the Mycenaeans, who were part of one of the most impressive and vibrant civilizations of the Bronze Age. answer choices. Mycenaean kingdoms had a central palace on a hill where the king lived. When the Bronze Age system collapsed so too did the Mycenaean culture, but when classical Greek culture emerged several hundred years later it was clearly influenced by the Mycenaeans, especially in terms of language, religion, and economics. They were experts at travel and made connections with many neighboring civilizations. Q. Frescoes on the walls of Minoan palaces seem to indicate that. Submitted by Kelly Macquire, published on 24 September 2020. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Identifying the origin of the beautiful Minoan civilization on Crete is a matter of some importance sincetogether with the Mycenaeans of the mainlandthe Minoans are believed to have been the forerunners of classical Greece, [i] the widely-accepted main source of Western civilization. The Minoans and Mycenaeans had frequent contact, and the elite at Mycenae used the shaft grave burials as a means of expressing ownership over foreign and exotic goods. If your specific country is not listed, please select the UK version of the site, as this is best suited to international visitors. Around 1400 B.C., the Mycenaean's overpowered the palace of Knossos and the Minoan pottery style began to evolve from its basic stylistic domination. The ancient Greek civilization was heavily influenced by the Minoans as the Minoan civilization was based around Crete, which is a Greek island. The Minoan or Cretan were the oldest non-Greek civilization that had an influence on mainland Greece. The Mycenaeans were very proud of their military heroes. This conforms to the Minoan preference for free-flowing scenes and their superior craftsmanship. The ruins of Pylos have provided modern scholars with the single largest cache of Linear B tablets, many of which are related to early Aegean religion. In Crete, since the Minoan era, various water management techniques that are found in modern water technologies were developed and applied. World History Encyclopedia. The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations. Minoan Vase in Marine StyleMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). The Minoans built their empire on trade. Only boys participated in bull leaping. "The Vaphio Cups: One Minoan and One Mycenaean?. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. The Minoans buried their elite in pithoi (singular: pithos), or large burial jars, a practice which has been uncovered in the Grave Circle at Pylos, although the discovery of multiple bodies in one burial jar exhibits the Mycenaeans' adoption of and subsequent deviation from the Minoan burial practice. The calm bull scene is well-executed and freeform, with the handles placed on top of the design, seemingly as an afterthought. While it is considered a form of Ancient Greek, Linear B and Mycenae Greek actually pre-date the Greek Alphabet by several centuries. The Mycenaeans not only expressed their preference for Minoan craftsmanship but incorporated common Minoan iconographical motifs such as the octopus from the iconic Marine Ware into their own, more structured and geometric-style art. How many times greater is the US population than the Canadian population? Briefly describe both civilizations: a.) For the next several hundred years, Greece fell into a period called the Greek Dark Age. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Homers account of the wrestling event demonstrates this point: Both champions, belted tight, stepped into the ring and grappling each other hard with big burly arms, locked like rafters a master builder bolts together, slanting into a pitched roof to fight the ripping winds. (41) The City of Mycenae Mycenae was a fortified late Bronze Age city located between two hills on the Argolid plain of the Peloponnese, Greece. Among some of the cultural aspects of Minoan culture that the Mycenaeans incorporated into their own was language. The Mycenaean civilization thrived between 1650 and 1200 BC. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. The Mycenaeans lived mostly on mainland Greece and were the first people to speak the Greek language. The Minoans worshiped female figures that represented different aspects of life. Who does the voice of Vanessa on Phineas and Ferb? For example, the Minoans worshipped a mother goddess (who they associated fertility) and other goddesses that were charged with specific duties such as protection of animals, households, and the harvest. During the Minoan Civilization tholos tombs were built and a series of them were excavated at Knossos in the 1960s. The Minoans also developed metalworking techniques, such as gold-inlaid bronze, that passed to the Greeks through the Mycenaeans. What aspects of culture did the Mycenaeans adopt from the Minoans? Their documented invasion took place around 1400, and in combination with the effects of the Thera eruption present a likely scenario for the final destruction of the Minoan civilization. What achievements did the Mycenaeans make? Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Minoan and Mycenaean: Two of the first civilizations to arise in Greece, pre-dating recorded history, were the Minoans and the Mycenaeans. Its economy benefited from a network of trade around much of the Mediterranean. Because no written and decipherable historical records of Minoan interactions with the coastal Greeks or Mycenaeans were kept, it's difficult to identify precise influences between the cultures. While the Minoans focused on building relationships with other cultures in the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, the Mycenaeans fought and battled their way across the area to overtake and build their own cities and outposts. The Minoan and the Mycenaean civilizations flourished on Crete and the Greek mainland during the 3 rd and the 2 nd millennium BCE, and Homer immortalized them in his two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey.There are certain similarities between the two, due to the Mycenaeans appropriating a lot of Minoan cultures. I hope this helps. Although the Mycenaeans exported far fewer goods, their vases were in high demand in a number of Bronze Age kingdoms, especially Egypt. The Mycenaean civilization thrived between 1650 and 1200 BC. Thank you! 1620 BC. One famous exhibit I the bull-jumping fresco found at Tiryns and Mycenae. The Mycenaeans profound influence on the classical Greeks can be seen in their language, religion, sporting culture, and economics. We know much about the Minoan civilization (so called from the 19th century in reference to King Minos, legendary king of Crete) from archaeological remains, particularly the Palace at Knossos. According to Fitton, this compilation of Minoan arts and crafts would continue to be a feature of Mycenaean Greece as well as on Crete creating a situation where a distinction between Minoan and Mycenaean producers can sometimes scarcely by drawn. fairy video england debunked, makena grace burton, three rivers high school football record, who is leroy's mother in still open all hours, northern lehigh school district jobs, rick mercier johnston county board of education, lauren ambrose moles, explain the importance of a wellness action plan for self and others, how did kevin studdard die, + 15morecozy restaurantsthe pantry, wildwood, and more, sanderson charles jeter, angular wait for subscribe to return value, east kentwood high school bell schedule, kristie floren burgess, how to add transparent background in shotcut,

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